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Whispers Computing
Computer Tips ~ Office Tips ~ Technical Techniques
June 2009
COMPUTER TIPSComputer Processors: CPU Operation
by youssef edward
Computer processors (also called CPU) are the most important part in the computer at all. It controls the overall remaining components of the computer such as the mouse, keyboard, monitors, and others. The processor is an electronic circuit that executes computer programs. It does in four basic phases:
1. Fetch: in this phase, the processor collects the bytes to execute from memory (which may be RAM or cache). Each instruction is saved in memory as one or more bytes called word. The more the word length, the more complexity and power consumption of the processor. Once the processor collects the bytes, then it is ready to decode it.
2. Decoding: In this phase, the processor takes the bytes read in the previous step and input them to the decoder. The decoder activates then the line corresponding to the instruction whose bytes equal to the bytes read from the fetching phase. Each instruction in the processor is mapped to a certain bits or bytes by the designer so that when the processor fetches these bits or bytes, it can understand them. The number of bits used to represent each instruction may vary according to the processor type. Note that this number of bits may not take the whole word in the memory. For example if the word is represented by 8 bits, then the first four bits can be assigned to the instruction part and the last four bits can be assigned to the data which is needed for the instruction to execute.
3. Executing: once the processor knows the meaning of the bits by the decoder, it goes then to the execute phase. In this phase, the processor makes the necessary operation as denoted by the decoder. This operation is done on the operand contained along with the instruction bits in the memory word.. The operation can be addition, subtraction, AND, or any mathematical or logical operation.
4. Write Back: once the processor done the operation, it writes it back to the memory in the place denoted by the instruction. This result may be fed to other instructions in the same program.
This processes repeated for each instruction until the whole program is executed
About the Author: Youssef Edward is an electrical engineer. He like working in the field of computer. He has many activities in networking and programming. For more information about processors and computers please visit http://tips-made-easy.info/compute
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/
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OFFICE & JOB TIPS Resumes – Less is More
by Gordon Walter
On the surface it would seem that resumes should be chock full of information. Especially if you have reached the executive level, a common trap that people fall into is to think that all of the history of achievement and experience needs to be put into their resume to display how accomplished they are and how much experience they have. Overwhelm them with breadth of your experience. Sure, a lot of that information is important, but when you get to the executive level a lot of things are assumed by possible employers. To get to the executive level you have to have a pretty impressive past employment history. They know that. So, you need not mention every single thing that you ever did.
Short And To The Point:
Executive resumes, like all resumes, should be short and to the point, only containing the most important and pertinent information to your rise to the executive level. The one page rule still exists. If you can possibly get your resume to one page then you are doing well. Two pages are acceptable if absolutely necessary but staying away from multiple pages will always be the best bet. Your potential employer is looking through a lot of resumes and if your resume looks like work to read then there’s a good chance its next home is in the circular file. No one wants a laborious resume read. The smart resume maker will make his resume short but replete with the right information.
Be Job Specific:
With all that said, it’s not just about how short your resume is, but what information is included. Consider the job for which you are applying. What skills and experience do you have that specifically applies to that job. If the skill or experience doesn’t directly apply to the position, it probably doesn’t need to be included. This means that your resume needs to be different for each job to which you apply.
Sell Yourself:
It is still important to remember that this is the ultimate sell job. You are a product and that may be the best way to think about it. Pick out your best product attributes and add those to your resume. That will ensure that only the very best of your skill and achievements make it onto the resume. It’s good to include skills and experience that have that are common to most executives to show that you are as capable as everyone else, but it’s even more important to make yourself stand out. Why should the employer remember you? Why should they call you and not the next person? You may want to talk to former bosses or friends and see what they think stands out about you. That can be very helpful as well as enlightening.
To sum it up, brevity will always be appreciated and keeping a resume short may be the difference between the resume being read or not. After you have created your resume, read through it and look for places where you can shorten phrases by using more precise terms. Look for information that on review seems superfluous. A little extra effort to shorten your resume with precision and by removing excess information can help you get the interview and get the job.
About the Author: Gordon Walter is a professional resume writer with Reliable Resumes. Reliable Resumes is an Resume Service providing resume writing services for Professional Resumes and Executive Resumes. He also provides interview training and articles and information about how to make a resume on his website. http://www.reliableresumes.com/
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/
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TECHNICAL TECHNIQUES A Brief Information Guide About Audio Codecs
by Sadr
Audio codecs are defined as software applications of hardware devices (with the same kind of software) that can compress audio files and then decompress them. In fact, the codecs used for compression and decompression work with opposite principles, but they are quite similar to each other in the manner of their working.
The formats used by audio formats are any applicable digital audio formats that are commonly used. For transmission over the Internet, codecs can also compress and convert files into streaming audio formats.
The word 'codec' is derived from coding-decoding, which is what a codec does. It first codes the digital data into a small compressed form and then plays back the data by reconverting it into the original form.
Audio Codecs – How do they work?
Audio codecs work with the principle of audio compression. This is a process of reducing the size of an audio file so that it is covered within as few bits of data as possible. The idea is to remove all unnecessary sound bits and bundle them into a smaller format so that they are compressed. When the file needs to be played back, a decoding system is put into play which can expand the files again so that they can be played.
Lossless and Lossy Audio Codecs
There are two types of compression that audio codecs can perform. Based on that, they are called as lossless and lossy audio codecs.
Lossless audio codecs retain a copy of the original audio files before converting them, so that any kind of qualitative or quantitative loss becomes reversible. However, this also increases the size of the file even after compression. It is difficult to have a lossless audio codec that can compress an audio file below 50 to 60% of its original size.
Lossy audio codecs are those that do not retain any previous information. They compress the audio to the smallest size possible and transmit them where they are decoded to a playable size. However, there is a danger of loss of data because of the fact that there is no backup created. The brighter side of this is that lossy audio compressed files are substantially smaller in size. These can easily compress the files to 5 to 20% of their original size.
Today, most audio codecs available in the market are of the lossy type. Though they will cause a deterioration of the quality of the file, they are good for online transmission and even storing on discs. For that reason, people prefer lossy audio codecs over the lossless ones.
Audio Codecs – The Tradeoff
There is always a compromise involved when audio codecs are used. It is not possible to predict in advance how these files will be compressed and whether they will play at good quality upon being decompressed or not. This is especially because most codecs used today are lossless. Though this becomes ideal for sending digitally compressed audio files over the Internet, they also mar the original quality of the recording. Hence, these audio codecs are used only sparingly and only in areas that really require them.
About the Author: Visit Audio Video Codec for more on audio and video codecs. http://www.videocodec.info/
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/
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